II. types of aggression
1. hostile aggression:
2. instrumental aggression:
III. theories of aggression
1. instinct theory: (i.e., catharsis thru sport)
2. social learning theory: we learn to be aggressive
3. Bredemeir's theory of moral reasoning:
4. frustration aggression theory: frustration can cause aggression
IV. measurement of aggression: it is considered a personality trait
V. fan violence
1. common ingredients: intense rivalries, nationalism, and alcohol
2. false consensus effect:
VI. aggression & performance
VII. what factors predict violence in sport
1. e.g., high temperatures
VIII. curtailing aggression in athletes and fans
1. for fans: restrict ETOH use, severely punish those who do
Audience Effects on Sports
I. social facilitation, social impairment, social loafing: observers
increase our arousal
1. social facilitation: performance increased in the presence of others
2. social impairment: performance is hindered in the presence of others
3. social loafing: people often exert less effort when performing as part of a group
II. why does playing at home help or sometimes hurt
1. better sleep, no jet lag, routine eating habits, familiar
with local playing conditions
2. home fans arouse the home team making them faster & stronger
3. characteristic of the crowd may be important
Leadership: this seems like mostly theory and no good data
I. trait theories: it was once thought that leader have certain traits
II. next it was theorized that successful leaders have developed specific
behaviors that
set them apart from those less successful
1. consideration:
2. initiating structure
III. Fiedler's contingency theory
1. leader effectiveness is situational specific
2. successful group functioning depends on the personality of
the leader and the
situation
IV. geographical location may promote becoming a leader
1. centrality: refers to a location conducive to interactions
with other team members
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
I. Rosenthal & Jacobson (1968): teachers were given expectations
that a group of
students were "late bloomers"
II. the expectation-performance process in sports
1. coach develops expectations
2. thus, the coach's behavior toward athletes differs according
to his expectations
3. the coaches behavior influences the athlete's performance
4. the athletes behavior & performance conforms to the coaches
expectations
III. Where do coaches get these expectations
IV. How can the coach's behavior vary among athletes?
V. How can the coach's behavior influence athletes?
VI. some athletes are likely influenced by the pygmalion process more than others
VII. possible racial differences
VIII. some coaches have this problem more than others