The preceding methods were modified from the following source. For an overview of their methods, click below:

Kavaliers, M. (1987). Evidence For Opioid and Non-Opioid Forms of Stress-Induced Analgesia in the Snail, Cepaea nemoralis. Brain Research, 410, 111-115.

The preceding methods were modified from the following source. For an overview of their methods, click below:

Kavaliers, M., Hirst, M., Teskey, G. (1983). A Functional Role For an Opiate System in Snail Thermal Behavior. Science, 99-100.

The preceding methods were modified from the following source. For an overview of their methods, click below:

Kavaliers, M. & Tepperman, F.S. (1988). Exposure To Novel Odors Induces Opioid Mediated Analgesia in the Land Snail, Cepaea nemoralis. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 50. 285-299.